I.  Traditional journals migrate online (Early 90s’)

Cause: 

• Because its there.
• Leverage significant strengths of non-linear functions .. hyperlinking, full text searching

Effect:

• Paper-inspired model, same publication and peer-review process
• Retains and enhances Subscriber-pays model
• A radical change when it comes to access, but not a radical change in the publication model itself

Example: A print journal that publishes an exact replica online

II. Traditional Paper models becoming unsustainable (swapped OA heading for cost idea)

Cause:

• Library budgets either flat or in decline
• Movement led by libraries subscribing to STM (science/technology/medicine) titles which they could no longer afford
• Call for publicly-funded research to be made freely available
• LIbraries supporting their scholars research can not afford to buy it back

Effect:

• Open access journals begin to emerge (date?)
• Retains quality-control of traditionally-published journals (peer-review, editorial board) but journals are free
• Author-pays model instead of subscriber-pays model

Example: BioMed Central

III. Quantity of available research explodes prompting new access and organization paradigm

Cause:

• Quantity of research is constantly growing; journals on new topics being started all of the time (moved from above category)
• Need for Speed: Emerged in response to the need to speed dissemination of research
• Ease of publication

Effect:

• Subject archives emerge
• Publish e-prints which includes pre-prints (not yet peer reviewed) or post-prints (peer reviewed)
• Author deposits paper into the archive (self-archiving)

Example: arXiv.org

 
IV. Taking Back the Rightful Ownership

Cause:

• New avenues for dissemination authors have publication alternatives
• Opportunities for new research sharing mechanisms
• Technology encourages and facilitates collaboration

Effect:

• Institutional repositories emerge (date?)
• Encouraged by SPARC report in 2002; access improved through development of OAI metadata protocol
• A place to publish and archive the research output of an institution
• Undermines concept that value is derived from the place where an item is placed/published
• Issues of authority

Example: ?

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???
 
Experimentation with media to see what it can do

• Focused primarily on the opportunities that digital media provide
• Example: Perseus/Vectors/Google Earth projects, or something along those lines

 
Social networking tools

• Emerged more recently as a tool for scholarly communication
• Example: maybe use example from Media Res (CSI video and Chad’s essay)

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History of academic publishing and the results (or why we are where we are)
http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/papers/jwts/develop.htm

“Most of the results of scientific, technical and medical (STM) research are published as papers or articles in refereed journals. These journals have developed over time to a standard model. The researcher submits a prospective paper to a journal relevant to the topic. The editorial board of that journal checks for relevance and basic quality. The articles that pass this test are sent to referees who assess it for overall quality. They may reject it, accept it with changes, or accept it as is. Accepted papers are copy-edited to improve appearance, readability, etc. The article is then collected together with others and published in an issue of the journal. All of this has been influenced by the model of publishing required by the paper-based journal. For example the logistics of the paper journal give rise to the ‘issue’. There is nothing in the design of the research paper that requires that it be published as part of an issue. The need to co-ordinate the activities of editors, referees, printers, distributors, marketing departments, etc, has given rise to the ‘publisher’. In order to recover the cost of operating this organisation the publisher usually requires the writer of the paper to pass copyright in the paper to the publishing company. Finally the publisher sells subscriptions to the journal to cover the production and distribution cost and to make a profit. Thus we have the rather odd situation that the writer (researcher) gives away the rights of the paper for free then he/she needs to be a subscriber (that is, to pay) to read the journal in which it is published. The whole academic journal publishing industry is based on the fact the producers (researchers) of the goods (papers) give them away in exchange for dissemination and then have to buy access back in the form of subscriptions.”